Exploring The Complex World Of Rappers Affiliated With The Crips

Exploring The Complex World Of Rappers Affiliated With The Crips

What rappers are crips? This intriguing question delves into the complex relationship between the world of hip-hop and street gang affiliations, particularly the Crips. The Crips, one of the most notorious street gangs in America, have had a significant impact on pop culture, and their influence can be seen in the lyrics and lifestyles of numerous influential rappers. This intersection of music and street life has fascinated fans and critics alike, prompting discussions about authenticity, influence, and the societal implications of such affiliations.

Understanding what rappers are crips is not merely a matter of listing names; it involves exploring the cultural, social, and historical contexts that have led some artists to associate with this notorious gang. For some rappers, their affiliation with the Crips is a reflection of their upbringing and community ties, while for others, it is a lifestyle choice that complements their artistic persona. The narratives are as diverse as the artists themselves, ranging from those who have distanced themselves from gang life to those who proudly incorporate it into their music.

The world of hip-hop is rich with stories of struggle, resilience, and triumph, and the connection to the Crips adds another layer of complexity to these narratives. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of what rappers are crips, offering insights into the biographies of these artists, their careers, and the impact of their affiliations on their music and public image. Through this exploration, we will uncover the multifaceted relationship between rap and gang culture, highlighting both the challenges and the triumphs that define this unique intersection.

Table of Contents

Biography: Understanding the Background of Rappers Associated with the Crips

To truly grasp the concept of what rappers are crips, it is essential to delve into the biographies and histories of these artists. These stories often provide insight into the personal experiences and societal pressures that led them to affiliate with the Crips.

Many of these rappers grew up in neighborhoods where gang culture was not just prevalent but a part of everyday life. For some, joining a gang was a means of survival, providing a sense of protection and community in environments fraught with danger and economic hardship. The Crips, with their distinctive blue attire, have been a fixture in American street culture since their inception in the late 1960s in Los Angeles, California. Founded by Raymond Washington and Stanley "Tookie" Williams, the gang quickly spread across the United States, becoming one of the most powerful and feared street gangs in the country.

In the world of hip-hop, authenticity is paramount. Many rappers who grew up in Crip-dominated neighborhoods incorporate their experiences into their music, often using their platform to reflect the raw realities of street life. This affiliation is not merely a gimmick but an integral part of their identity and artistry.

Below is a table highlighting some personal details and biodata of notable rappers associated with the Crips:

RapperReal NameBirthplaceYear of BirthNotable Works
Snoop DoggCalvin Cordozar Broadus Jr.Long Beach, California1971Doggystyle, Tha Doggfather
Nipsey HussleErmias Joseph AsghedomLos Angeles, California1985Victory Lap, Crenshaw
Schoolboy QQuincy Matthew HanleyWiesbaden, Germany1986Oxymoron, Habits & Contradictions
WCWilliam Calhoun Jr.Houston, Texas1970The Shadiest One, Ghetto Heisman

The biographies of these artists reveal not only their ties to the Crips but also their individual journeys through life. For instance, Snoop Dogg, one of the most recognizable names in hip-hop, has often spoken about his early life in Long Beach, a city known for its gang activity. His music, characterized by its laid-back style and lyrical prowess, is deeply rooted in his experiences with the Crips.

Similarly, Nipsey Hussle, whose tragic death in 2019 shocked the world, was a Crip affiliate who used his influence to foster positive change in his community. His music, filled with motivational themes and entrepreneurial spirit, was a testament to his desire to uplift those around him despite his gang ties.

Understanding the personal backgrounds of these artists is crucial in appreciating the nuance of their affiliation with the Crips. It highlights the complexities of their identities and the multifaceted nature of their contributions to hip-hop culture.

Historical Context: The Origins of the Crips and Their Influence on Hip-Hop

The history of the Crips is deeply intertwined with the socio-political landscape of America, particularly the struggles faced by African American communities in the late 20th century. The gang's origins can be traced back to South Central Los Angeles in the late 1960s, a time of significant social upheaval and racial tension.

Founded by Raymond Washington and Stanley "Tookie" Williams, the Crips began as a small street gang with aspirations of protecting their neighborhood from rival gangs. However, as the gang grew in numbers and influence, it became embroiled in criminal activities, including drug trafficking and violence. The allure of power and protection drew many young men into the fold, creating a cycle of crime and incarceration that plagued communities for decades.

The influence of the Crips on hip-hop cannot be understated. As the gang's notoriety grew, so did its presence in the music industry. Rappers who had ties to the Crips often used their music as a platform to tell their stories, shedding light on the harsh realities of gang life and the socio-economic conditions that perpetuated it.

In the 1980s and 1990s, as hip-hop began to gain mainstream popularity, the genre became a voice for marginalized communities. The raw and unfiltered depiction of street life resonated with listeners who identified with the struggles portrayed in the lyrics. For rappers affiliated with the Crips, their music was not just entertainment but a reflection of their lived experiences.

The impact of the Crips on hip-hop is evident in the works of iconic artists like Ice-T, who is often credited with pioneering gangsta rap. His music, characterized by its gritty depiction of street life, paved the way for future generations of rappers to explore similar themes. The Crips' influence can also be seen in the rise of West Coast hip-hop, which became synonymous with the gang's imagery and ethos.

The historical context of the Crips and their influence on hip-hop underscores the complex relationship between music and street culture. It highlights the role of hip-hop as a vehicle for social commentary, providing a voice for those often overlooked by mainstream society. By examining this intersection, we gain a deeper understanding of the cultural significance of what rappers are crips and the impact of their stories on the broader narrative of hip-hop.

Famous Rappers Known for Their Crip Affiliation

When exploring the topic of what rappers are crips, several high-profile artists come to mind, each with their unique story and contribution to the music industry. These rappers have not only achieved commercial success but have also become cultural icons, using their platform to address issues relevant to their communities.

Snoop Dogg is perhaps the most well-known rapper with ties to the Crips. Born in Long Beach, California, Snoop's music career took off in the early 1990s when he was discovered by Dr. Dre. His debut album, "Doggystyle," became an instant classic, solidifying his place in hip-hop history. Snoop's affiliation with the Crips has been a recurring theme in his music, often reflected in his lyrics and public persona.

Another prominent figure is Nipsey Hussle, whose affiliation with the Crips was a significant aspect of his identity. Despite his ties to the gang, Nipsey was celebrated for his efforts to promote economic empowerment and community development. His music, including the critically acclaimed album "Victory Lap," often highlighted themes of resilience and entrepreneurship, inspiring a new generation of artists and fans alike.

Schoolboy Q, a member of the hip-hop collective Black Hippy, is also known for his connection to the Crips. Growing up in South Central Los Angeles, Schoolboy Q's music reflects his experiences with gang culture and the challenges of navigating life in a crime-ridden environment. His album "Oxymoron" received widespread acclaim for its raw and honest portrayal of his struggles.

WC (pronounced "Dub-C"), a veteran of the West Coast hip-hop scene, has long been associated with the Crips. Known for his distinctive style and lyrical prowess, WC has collaborated with numerous artists and remains a respected figure in the industry. His music often pays homage to his roots, celebrating the culture and camaraderie of the Crips while acknowledging the challenges of gang life.

These rappers, among others, have become synonymous with the Crips, using their music to share their stories and connect with audiences worldwide. Their affiliations, while controversial, have also contributed to their authenticity and relatability, allowing them to resonate with fans who see themselves reflected in their lyrics.

It is important to note that not all rappers with ties to the Crips glorify gang life. Many use their platform to address the negative aspects of gang culture, advocating for positive change and uplifting their communities. This duality highlights the complexity of their affiliation and the diverse ways in which it manifests in their music and public personas.

Lyrics and Music: How Crip Affiliation Influences Artistic Expression

The influence of Crip affiliation on the music and lyrics of rappers is a fascinating aspect of the hip-hop genre. For many artists, their ties to the Crips are an integral part of their identity, shaping their artistic expression and the narratives they choose to explore in their songs.

Rappers with Crip affiliations often draw from their personal experiences, using their music as a canvas to paint vivid pictures of street life. These stories are not just about violence and crime but also about the sense of brotherhood and solidarity found within the gang. The themes of loyalty, struggle, and perseverance are prevalent in their lyrics, resonating with listeners who have faced similar challenges.

For example, Snoop Dogg's music is characterized by its laid-back style and catchy hooks, but beneath the surface lies a deeper narrative of life in Long Beach and the realities of being a Crip. His lyrics often reflect his experiences with gang culture, blending storytelling with social commentary to create a unique sound that has captivated audiences for decades.

Similarly, Nipsey Hussle's music is a testament to his journey from the streets of Los Angeles to becoming a successful entrepreneur and community leader. His lyrics often highlight themes of empowerment and resilience, offering a glimpse into the mindset of a man determined to uplift his community despite the challenges posed by his gang affiliation.

Schoolboy Q's music is another example of how Crip affiliation influences artistic expression. His lyrics are raw and unfiltered, often delving into the darker aspects of gang life and the toll it takes on individuals and their families. Through his music, Schoolboy Q provides an honest portrayal of the struggles faced by those living in gang-dominated neighborhoods, offering a voice to the voiceless.

While the influence of Crip affiliation on lyrics and music is undeniable, it is important to recognize that these artists are not defined solely by their gang ties. Their music is a reflection of their diverse experiences and perspectives, offering a nuanced portrayal of life in urban America. By exploring these themes, rappers with Crip affiliations contribute to the rich tapestry of hip-hop, using their platform to address important social issues and connect with audiences on a deeper level.

Community Influence: The Role of Environment in Shaping Affiliation

The environment in which an individual grows up plays a significant role in shaping their identity and affiliations. For many rappers associated with the Crips, their surroundings and community dynamics have been instrumental in their decision to affiliate with the gang.

In neighborhoods where the Crips are prevalent, joining the gang is often seen as a rite of passage. It provides a sense of belonging and protection in areas where violence and crime are commonplace. For young men growing up in these environments, the allure of the Crips is not just about power but also about survival and solidarity.

The impact of community influence on gang affiliation is evident in the stories of many rappers. Snoop Dogg, for instance, has often spoken about his upbringing in Long Beach, where the Crips were a dominant force. His music reflects the realities of life in such neighborhoods, offering listeners a glimpse into the challenges and triumphs of growing up in a Crip-dominated environment.

Nipsey Hussle's affiliation with the Crips was also shaped by his community. Raised in the Crenshaw district of Los Angeles, Nipsey was exposed to gang culture from a young age. Despite the challenges, he used his platform to promote positive change, investing in his community and advocating for economic empowerment.

The influence of the environment on gang affiliation is not limited to negative aspects. Many rappers use their experiences to inspire and uplift others, shedding light on the strength and resilience found within their communities. This duality highlights the complexity of gang affiliation and the diverse ways in which it manifests in the lives of these artists.

Understanding the role of community influence in shaping affiliation provides a more comprehensive view of what rappers are crips. It underscores the importance of addressing the socio-economic factors that contribute to gang culture and the need for positive interventions that offer alternatives to young people growing up in these environments.

Controversy and Criticism: Public Perception and Media Representation

The affiliation of rappers with the Crips is a topic that often invites controversy and criticism. Public perception and media representation play significant roles in shaping the narrative surrounding these artists, influencing how they are viewed by fans and critics alike.

The portrayal of rappers with Crip affiliations in the media is often a double-edged sword. On one hand, their stories of resilience and triumph resonate with audiences, highlighting their ability to overcome adversity and achieve success. On the other hand, their gang ties can lead to negative stereotypes and assumptions about their character and intentions.

The media's focus on gang affiliation can sometimes overshadow the artistic achievements of these rappers, reducing them to mere caricatures of their street personas. This narrow portrayal ignores the complexity of their identities and the diverse ways in which they use their platform to address important social issues.

Critics argue that glorifying gang culture in music perpetuates negative stereotypes and contributes to the cycle of violence and crime in marginalized communities. However, many rappers with Crip affiliations challenge this narrative, using their music to shed light on the harsh realities of street life and advocate for positive change.

The controversy surrounding what rappers are crips is further complicated by the broader societal issues of race, poverty, and systemic inequality. These factors contribute to the challenges faced by artists with gang ties, influencing public perception and media representation.

Despite the criticism, many rappers with Crip affiliations continue to use their platform to effect change, addressing the root causes of gang culture and advocating for solutions that uplift their communities. Their stories serve as a reminder of the power of music to inspire and connect people, transcending the boundaries of race, class, and geography.

Economic Impact: The Business of Being a Crip-Affiliated Rapper

The economic impact of being a Crip-affiliated rapper is a multifaceted aspect of the hip-hop industry. For many artists, their affiliation with the Crips is not just a part of their identity but also a significant factor in their commercial success.

Rappers with Crip affiliations often leverage their street credibility to build a fan base, attracting listeners who resonate with their stories and authenticity. This connection to their audience can translate into economic success, allowing these artists to capitalize on their unique brand and marketability.

The business of being a Crip-affiliated rapper extends beyond music. Many artists have diversified their portfolios, venturing into fashion, film, and other industries to expand their reach and influence. Snoop Dogg, for instance, has successfully transitioned from music to various business ventures, including a cannabis brand, a media company, and several television shows.

Nipsey Hussle was also known for his entrepreneurial spirit, investing in his community and launching several businesses aimed at promoting economic empowerment. His legacy continues to inspire others to follow in his footsteps, using their success to uplift their communities and create opportunities for future generations.

The economic impact of being a Crip-affiliated rapper is not without its challenges. The stigma associated with gang ties can sometimes hinder business opportunities, leading to scrutiny and skepticism from potential partners and investors. However, many artists have successfully navigated these obstacles, using their platform to challenge stereotypes and redefine what it means to be a successful entrepreneur.

The business of being a Crip-affiliated rapper is a testament to the power of resilience and innovation. These artists have demonstrated the ability to turn their experiences into economic success, using their influence to effect positive change and inspire others to do the same.

Social Responsibility: The Role of Rappers in Addressing Gang Violence

Rappers with Crip affiliations often find themselves in a unique position of influence, with the ability to address social issues and advocate for change. Their connection to gang culture gives them a firsthand understanding of the challenges faced by communities affected by violence and crime, enabling them to use their platform for social responsibility.

Many rappers with Crip affiliations have taken on the role of advocates, using their music and public presence to raise awareness about the impact of gang violence and the need for solutions that address the root causes of the problem. Through their lyrics, interviews, and community initiatives, these artists highlight the importance of education, economic empowerment, and positive role models in breaking the cycle of violence.

Nipsey Hussle, in particular, was known for his commitment to social responsibility. He invested in his community, launching initiatives aimed at providing opportunities for young people and promoting economic growth. His efforts extended beyond music, inspiring others to take action and make a difference in their communities.

Snoop Dogg has also been involved in various philanthropic efforts, using his influence to support causes related to education, youth empowerment, and social justice. His work highlights the potential for artists to effect change, using their platform to address important issues and inspire others to get involved.

The role of rappers in addressing gang violence is a reflection of their commitment to social responsibility and their desire to create a better future for their communities. By leveraging their influence and resources, these artists have the potential to make a lasting impact, inspiring others to join them in their efforts to promote peace and positive change.

Changing Narratives: Artists Who Have Distanced Themselves from Gang Life

While some rappers embrace their Crip affiliation as a part of their identity, others have chosen to distance themselves from gang life, seeking to redefine their narrative and focus on positive change. This shift is often motivated by personal growth, a desire to set a better example for future generations, or a recognition of the impact they can have on their communities.

For many artists, distancing themselves from gang life is a reflection of their journey towards self-improvement and personal development. As they mature and gain new perspectives, these rappers often seek to shed the negative aspects of their past, using their experiences to fuel positive change and inspire others to do the same.

Snoop Dogg is one such artist who has evolved over the years, moving away from his early gang affiliations to focus on his music, business ventures, and philanthropic efforts. His transformation serves as a testament to the power of growth and change, highlighting the potential for individuals to overcome their past and create a better future.

Other artists, like Schoolboy Q, have also spoken about their desire to distance themselves from gang culture, using their platform to address the challenges faced by their communities and advocate for positive change. Through their music and public presence, these rappers demonstrate the potential for transformation, inspiring others to follow in their footsteps.

The changing narratives of these artists highlight the complexity of gang affiliation and the diverse ways in which it manifests in their lives. Their stories serve as a reminder that individuals are not defined by their past but by their ability to learn, grow, and make a positive impact on the world around them.

Cultural Significance: The Broader Impact on Hip-Hop Culture

The cultural significance of rappers with Crip affiliations extends beyond their music, influencing the broader landscape of hip-hop culture and society as a whole. These artists have played a pivotal role in shaping the genre, using their platform to address important social issues and connect with audiences worldwide.

Rappers with Crip affiliations have contributed to the evolution of hip-hop, infusing the genre with their unique perspectives and experiences. Their music often reflects the realities of street life, offering a voice to marginalized communities and shedding light on the challenges faced by those living in gang-dominated neighborhoods.

The impact of these artists on hip-hop culture is evident in the themes and narratives explored in their music. The raw and unfiltered depiction of street life resonates with listeners, offering a glimpse into the struggles and triumphs of those living in urban America. This authenticity has become a defining characteristic of the genre, influencing future generations of artists and shaping the sound of hip-hop.

Beyond music, rappers with Crip affiliations have also played a role in shaping fashion, language, and popular culture. Their influence can be seen in the trends and styles adopted by fans, as well as the broader cultural conversations sparked by their music and public presence.

Overall, the cultural significance of what rappers are crips is a testament to the power of music to inspire and connect people. Through their artistry and influence, these rappers have made a lasting impact on hip-hop culture, highlighting the importance of authenticity, resilience, and social responsibility in shaping the genre and society as a whole.

Personal Stories: Rappers' Experiences and Anecdotes

The personal stories and anecdotes of rappers with Crip affiliations offer a glimpse into their experiences, shedding light on the challenges and triumphs that have shaped their lives and careers. These narratives provide valuable insights into the realities of gang life and the diverse ways in which it manifests in the lives of these artists.

Snoop Dogg, for example, has often shared stories about his upbringing in Long Beach and the impact of gang culture on his life. His experiences have influenced his music, serving as a source of inspiration and motivation for his artistic endeavors. Snoop's journey from the streets to becoming a global icon is a testament to his resilience and determination.

Nipsey Hussle's personal story is one of perseverance and dedication to his community. Despite his gang ties, Nipsey was committed to making a positive impact, using his success to invest in his neighborhood and promote economic empowerment. His legacy continues to inspire others to follow in his footsteps, highlighting the potential for individuals to effect change despite the challenges they face.

Schoolboy Q's experiences with gang life have also shaped his music and public persona. His honest and raw portrayal of street life offers listeners a glimpse into the struggles faced by those living in gang-dominated neighborhoods, providing a voice for those who often go unheard.

The personal stories of these artists serve as a reminder of the complexity of gang affiliation and the diverse ways in which it manifests in their lives. Their narratives highlight the power of music to connect people and inspire change, offering valuable insights into the realities of street life and the potential for transformation and growth.

Positive Influences: How Some Rappers Use Their Platform for Good

Rappers with Crip affiliations often find themselves in a position to effect positive change, using their platform to address important social issues and inspire others to take action. Despite the challenges posed by their gang ties, many of these artists are committed to using their influence for good, leveraging their success to uplift their communities and promote positive change.

Nipsey Hussle was a prime example of a rapper who used his platform for good. His commitment to economic empowerment and community development was evident in his various business ventures and philanthropic efforts. Nipsey's legacy continues to inspire others to follow in his footsteps, highlighting the potential for individuals to make a lasting impact despite the challenges they face.

Snoop Dogg has also been involved in numerous charitable initiatives, using his influence to support causes related to education, youth empowerment, and social justice. His work demonstrates the potential for artists to effect change, using their platform to address important issues and inspire others to get involved.

Other rappers, like Schoolboy Q, have also used their platform to raise awareness about the impact of gang violence and advocate for solutions that address the root causes of the problem. Through their music and public presence, these artists highlight the importance of education, economic empowerment, and positive role models in breaking the cycle of violence.

The positive influences of these rappers serve as a reminder of the power of music to inspire and connect people. Their stories highlight the potential for individuals to effect change, using their platform to address important social issues and promote positive change in their communities.

Collaborations: Working with Other Artists and the Influence of Gang Affiliation

Collaborations are a significant aspect of the hip-hop industry, allowing artists to expand their reach and influence by working with other musicians. For rappers with Crip affiliations, collaborations offer an opportunity to connect with a broader audience and showcase their unique perspectives and experiences.

Collaborating with other artists allows rappers to explore new sounds and themes, broadening their artistic horizons and pushing the boundaries of their music. These partnerships often result in innovative and exciting projects that resonate with fans and contribute to the evolution of the genre.

Rappers with Crip affiliations have collaborated with a diverse range of artists, from fellow hip-hop stars to musicians from other genres. These collaborations often highlight the unique perspectives and experiences of the artists involved, offering listeners a glimpse into the diverse world of hip-hop and the ways in which it intersects with other musical styles.

Through collaborations, rappers with Crip affiliations have the opportunity to address important social issues and promote positive change, using their music to raise awareness and inspire action. These partnerships often result in powerful and impactful projects that resonate with audiences and contribute to the broader cultural conversation.

Overall, collaborations are an important aspect of the hip-hop industry, offering rappers with Crip affiliations the opportunity to connect with other artists and expand their reach and influence. Through these partnerships, these artists have the potential to effect change, using their platform to address important social issues and inspire others to take action.

Future Outlook: The Evolving Relationship Between Hip-Hop and Gangs

The relationship between hip-hop and gangs is an evolving one, shaped by the changing dynamics of the music industry and the broader socio-political landscape. As the genre continues to grow and expand, the influence of gang culture on hip-hop is likely to change, offering new opportunities and challenges for artists and fans alike.

In recent years, there has been a growing focus on positive change and social responsibility within the hip-hop community, with many artists using their platform to address important social issues and advocate for solutions that address the root causes of gang violence. This shift highlights the potential for hip-hop to serve as a vehicle for positive change, offering a voice to marginalized communities and shedding light on the challenges faced by those living in gang-dominated neighborhoods.

The future outlook for the relationship between hip-hop and gangs is likely to be shaped by a growing emphasis on social responsibility and positive change. As more artists use their platform to address important issues and advocate for solutions that uplift their communities, the genre has the potential to become a powerful force for positive change and transformation.

Overall, the future of hip-hop and its relationship with gangs is likely to be shaped by a growing emphasis on social responsibility and positive change. As the genre continues to evolve, the influence of gang culture on hip-hop is likely to change, offering new opportunities and challenges for artists and fans alike.

FAQs

Q: Who are some famous rappers affiliated with the Crips?

A: Notable rappers affiliated with the Crips include Snoop Dogg, Nipsey Hussle, Schoolboy Q, and WC, among others. These artists have incorporated their experiences with the Crips into their music and public personas.

Q: How has Crip affiliation influenced the music of these rappers?

A: Crip affiliation has significantly influenced the music and lyrics of these rappers, often reflecting themes of loyalty, struggle, and resilience. Their music offers a raw and unfiltered portrayal of street life, resonating with listeners who identify with their stories.

Q: Are all rappers with Crip affiliations involved in gang activity?

A: No, not all rappers with Crip affiliations are actively involved in gang activity. Some artists use their affiliation as a reflection of their upbringing and community ties, while others have distanced themselves from gang life to focus on positive change.

Q: How do rappers with Crip affiliations address social issues through their music?

A: Rappers with Crip affiliations often use their music to address social issues, shedding light on the challenges faced by marginalized communities and advocating for solutions that promote positive change. Their lyrics often highlight themes of empowerment and resilience.

Q: What role do collaborations play for rappers with Crip affiliations?

A: Collaborations provide opportunities for rappers with Crip affiliations to connect with other artists and expand their reach. These partnerships often result in innovative projects that explore diverse themes and contribute to the evolution of the genre.

Q: What is the future outlook for the relationship between hip-hop and gangs?

A: The future outlook for the relationship between hip-hop and gangs is likely to be shaped by a growing emphasis on social responsibility and positive change. As more artists use their platform to address important issues, the genre has the potential to become a powerful force for transformation.

Conclusion

The exploration of what rappers are crips offers valuable insights into the complex relationship between hip-hop and gang culture. Through their music and public personas, these artists have contributed to the rich tapestry of hip-hop, using their platform to address important social issues and connect with audiences worldwide.

The influence of Crip affiliation on the music and lives of these rappers is undeniable, shaping their artistic expression and the narratives they choose to explore. Despite the challenges posed by their gang ties, many of these artists are committed to using their platform for positive change, leveraging their success to uplift their communities and inspire others to follow in their footsteps.

As the genre continues to evolve, the relationship between hip-hop and gangs is likely to change, offering new opportunities and challenges for artists and fans alike. By embracing social responsibility and advocating for positive change, rappers with Crip affiliations have the potential to make a lasting impact, highlighting the power of music to inspire and connect people across the globe.

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